Ask a ChatGPT Assistant for Syntax Help!

Python Syntax

Variable Declaration

I would like to store a value in a variable.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

bool_value1: bool = True
bool_value2: bool = False

int_value: int = 5
string_value: str = "hello"

list_value1: list[str] = []
list_value2: list[int] = [1, 2, 3]
first_item_inside_list2: int = list_value[0] # = 1
second_item_inside_list2: int = list_value[1] # = 2

pair_value: tuple[int, str] = (1, "one")
triple_value: tuple[str, int, bool] = (1, "one")
first_item_inside_triple: int = list_value[0] # = 1

set_value: set[str] = set(["hi", "there", "hi"])

dict_value: dict[str, int] = {"one": 1, "two": 3}
value_inside_dict: int = list_value["two"]  # = 3

Definite Loops

I would like to loop over a single list.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

list_val: list[str] = ["these", "are", "some", "values"]

for item in list_val:
    print(item)

for other_name in list_val:
    print(other_name)

Output

these
are
some
values
these
are
some
values

I would like to loop over a range of numbers.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

# Loops over the numbers: 1, 2, 3
# The left number is INCLUSIVE; the right number is EXCLUSIVE
for i in range(1, 4):
    print(i)

# We can "nest" these for loops too to get all the pairs of numbers!
for i in range(3):
    for j in range(2):
        print((i, j))

Output

1
2
3
(0, 0)
(0, 1)
(1, 0)
(1, 1)
(2, 0)
(2, 1)

I would like to loop over two lists at once.

1
2
3
4
5

list1: list[str] = ["these", "are", "some", "values"]
list2: list[str] = [1, 3, 5, 7]

for i in range(len(list1):
    print(str(list2[i] + ": " + list1[i]))

Output

1: these
3: are
5: some
7: values

I would like to find the maximum or “best” item in a list.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

candidates: list[str] = ["these", "are", "some", "values"]

best_so_far: str = candidates[0]
for candidate in candidiates:
    if len(best_so_far) < len(candidate)
        best_so_far = candidate

print("the longest word in the list was: " + best_so_far)

Output

the longest word in the list was: values

Conditional Statements

I would like to only execute code when a list contains a particular item.

1
2
3

lst: list[str] = ["a", "b", "c"]
if "a" in lst:
    print("the list contains a")

Output

the list contains a

I would like to only execute code when a list DOES NOT contain a particular item.

1
2
3
4
5

lst: list[str] = ["a", "b", "c"]
if "a" not in lst:
    print("the list DOES NOT contain a")
else:
    print("the list DOES contain a")

Output

the list DOES contain a

I would like to only execute code when an equality is true.

s1: set[str] = set([“a”, “b”, “c”]) s2: set[str] = set([“a”, “c”])

1
2
3
4

if s1 == s2:
    print("the sets have the same elements!")
else:
    print("the sets DO NOT HAVE the same elements!")

Output

the sets DO NOT HAVE the same elements!

I would like to only execute code when several conditions are all true.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

s: set[str] = set()
if "a" in s and "b" in s:
    print("the set contains a and b!")
elif "a" in s:
    print("the set contains a, but not b!")
elif "b" in s:
    print("the set contains b, but not a!")
else:
    print("the set contains neither a nor b!")

Output

the set contains neither a nor b!

I would like to only execute code when any of several conditions is true.

1
2
3
4
5

i: int = 5
if i < 0 or i > 6:
    print("i is small or largeish")
else:
    print("i is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6")

Output

i is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6

I would like to only execute code when all elements of a list have a certain condition.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

letters: list[str] = ["a", "b", "c", "D"]
all_lowercase = True
for x letters:
    if x != x.lower():
        all_lowercase = False
if all_lowercase:
    print("every letter in the list is lower case")
else:
    print("at least one letter in the list is not lower case")

Output

at least one letter in the list is not lower case

I would like to only execute code when any element of a list has a certain condition.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

letters: list[str] = ["a", "b", "c", "D"]
any_lowercase = True
for x letters:
    if x == x.lower():
        any_lowercase = True
if all_lowercase:
    print("at least one letter in the list is lower case")
else:
    print("every letter in the list is not lower case")

Output

at least one letter in the list is lower case

Indefinite Loops

I would like to loop forever.

1
2

while True:
    print("hiiiiiii")

Output

hiiiiiii
hiiiiiii
hiiiiiii
hiiiiiii
hiiiiiii
...repeatedly, forever

I would like to ask the user for input until some condition.

1
2
3
4

answer: str = ""
while answer.lower() != "exit":
    answer = input("Type \"exit\" to exit: ")
print(answer)

Output

exit

Python Built-Ins

Strings

s.lower()

Returns a new String with all characters of s changed to their lowercase version.

Example 

1
2

s: str = "HEllo"
print(s.lower())

Output

hello

s.upper()

Returns a new String with all characters of s changed to their uppercase version.

1
2

s: str = "HEllo"
print(s.upper())

Output

HELLO

s.strip()

Returns a new String with leading and trailing spaces omitted from s.

1
2

s: str = "   hello "
print(s.strip())

Output

hello

s.startswith(substr)

Returns True if s starts with the sub-string substr, False otherwise.

1
2
3

s: str = "Hippopotamus"
print(s.startswith("hip"))
print(s.startswith("Hip"))

Output

False
True

s.endswith(substr)

Returns True if s ends with the sub-string substr, False otherwise.

1
2
3

s: str = "Hippopotamus"
print(s.startswith("tamus"))
print(s.startswith("tamus."))

Output

True
False

s.replace(substr1, substr2)

Returns a new String with with all occurrences of substr1 replaced by substr2.

1
2

s: str = "hello"
print(s.replace('l',"ll"))

Output

hellllo

s.split(sep)

Returns a list corresponding to s split based on the separator sep.

1
2

s: str = "I love examples!"
print(s.split(' '))

Output

['I', 'love', 'examples!']

sep.join(lst)

Returns a new String corresponding to the elements of lst joined by the separator sep.

1
2

lst1: list[str] = ['I', 'love', 'examples!']
print('X'.join(lst1))

Output

IXloveXexamples!

s.isdigit()

Returns True if all characters in s are digits, False otherwise.

1
2

s: str = "01112220"
print(s.isdigit())

Output

True

Lists

I would like to check if a particular item is anywhere in a list.

1
2
3
4
5

lst: list[tuple[int, int]] = [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
if (0, 1) in lst:
    print("(0, 1) is an element of lst")
else:
    print("(0, 1) is NOT an element of lst")

Output

(0, 1) is NOT an element of lst

I would like to get the number of items in a list.

1
2
3

lst: list[tuple[int, int]] = [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
number_of_items = len(lst)
print("the number of items in lst is: " + str(number_of_items))

Output

the number of items in lst is: 3

I would like to get the first or last element of a list.

1
2
3
4
5

lst: list[tuple[int, int]] = [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
print(lst[0])
print(lst[1])
print(lst[-2])
print(lst[-1])

Output

(0, 0)
(1, 1)
(1, 1)
(2, 2)

I would like to get a “sublist” of a list.

1
2
3
4
5

lst: list[tuple[int, int]] = [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
print(lst[0:0])
print(lst[0:1])
print(lst[0:-1])
print(lst[1:-1])

Output

[]
[(0, 0)]
[(0, 0), (1, 1)]
[(1, 1)]

I would like to put two lists together.

1
2
3
4

lst1: list[tuple[int, int]] = [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
lst2: list[tuple[int, int]] = [(2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)]
combined: list[tuple[int, int]] = lst1 + lst2
print(combined)

Output

[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)]

I would like to add an element to the end of a list.

1
2
3

lst: list[tuple[int, int]] = [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
lst.append((3, 3))
print(lst)

Output

[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)]

I would like to remove an element at a particular index.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

lst: list[tuple[int, int]] = [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
print(lst)
a = lst.pop(0)
print(a)
print(lst)
b = lst.pop(-1)
print(b)
print(lst)

Output

[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]
(0, 0)
[(1, 1), (2, 2)]
(2, 2)
[(1, 1)]

Dictionaries

I would like to check if a particular key is anywhere in a dictionary.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

d: dict[str, int] = {"this": 4, "is": 2, "an": 2, "example": 7}
if "this" in d:
    print("\"this\" is a key in d")
    
if 4 in d:
    print("4 is a key in d")
else:
    print("4 is NOT a key in d")

Output

"this" is a key in d
4 is NOT a key in d

I would like to add or replace a key-value pair to a dictionary.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

words: list[str] = ["based", "lit", "no cap", "rizz", "no cap", "based", "based"]
d: dict[str, int] = {}

for word in words:
    if word in d:
        d[word] += 1 # Since word is already in d, increase the count
    else:
        d[word] = 1  # Otherwise, this is the first time we've seen it
    print(d)

Output

{'based': 1}
{'based': 1, 'lit': 1}
{'based': 1, 'lit': 1, 'no cap': 1}
{'based': 1, 'lit': 1, 'no cap': 1, 'rizz': 1}
{'based': 1, 'lit': 1, 'no cap': 2, 'rizz': 1}
{'based': 2, 'lit': 1, 'no cap': 2, 'rizz': 1}
{'based': 3, 'lit': 1, 'no cap': 2, 'rizz': 1}

I would like to get the number of key-value pairs in a dictionary.

1
2
3

d: dict[str, int] = {"this": 4, "is": 2, "an": 2, "example": 7}
number_of_items = len(lst)
print("the number of items in d is: " + str(number_of_items))

Output

the number of items in d is: 4

I would like to get or loop over the keys in a dictionary.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

d: dict[str, int] = {"this": 4, "is": 2, "an": 2, "example": 7}

keys: list[str] = list(d.keys())
print(keys) # Note that this may not be ordered consistently!

for x in d:
    print(x + " is a key in d")
    print("...but " + str(d[x]) + " is a value in d")

Output

["is", "this", "an", "example"]
is is a key in d
...but 2 is a value in d
this is a key in d
...but 4 is a value in d
an is a key in d
...but 2 is a value in d
example is a key in d
...but 7 is a value in d

Libraries

random

random.randint(lo, hi)

Returns a random integer between lo and hi, including both lo and hi.

1
2
3
4

print(random.randint(0,10))
print(random.randint(0,10))
print(random.randint(0,10))
print(random.randint(0,10))

Output

4
4
10
0

random.choice(choices)

Returns a random element from a non-empty list/set/tuple/string choices. If choices is empty, this function will raise an Exception.

1
2
3
4
5
6

fruits = ["banana", "apple", "plum", "orange", "cherry"]
vegetables = ("broccoli", "carrot", "eggplant")
letters = "ABCD"
print(random.choice(fruits))
print(random.choice(vegetables))
print(random.choice(letters))

Output

plum
eggplant
B

vpython

box(pos, length, height, width, color)

Returns a box of color color centered at pos with length length, height height, and width width.

1
2

obj = box(pos=vec(1, 1, 1), length=2, height=3, width=4, color=color.cyan)
print(obj.length)

Output

2

cylinder(pos, axis, color)

Returns a cylinder of color color with one circular end centered at pos. The central axis of the cylinder is axis and points from the end at pos to the other end.

1
2
3

obj = cylinder(pos=vec(3, 2, 1), axis=vec(5, 4, 6), color=color.red)
print(obj.pos)
print(str(obj.pos.x) + ", " + str(obj.pos.y) + ", " + str(obj.pos.z))

Output

<3,2,1>
3,2,1

sphere(pos, radius, color)

Returns a new box of color color centered at pos with length length, height height, and width width.

1
2

obj = sphere(pos=vec(0, 1, 0), radius=4, color=color.yellow)
print(obj.radius)

Output

4